Rebellion and Cromwellian Wars

The ruler of England was also the ruler of Ireland for most of the 16^th century, which meant that when decisions were made in England, similar decisions were made for Ireland too.

In the 1600s, the King of England was King Charles I. However, England also had its own parliament. The parliament and the king often quarrelled over money that the king wanted for wars and other expenses.

Oliver Cromwell

Cromwell only spent 9 months in Ireland from August 1649 to May 1650, but his impact was to be everlasting on the island. With fierce brutality, Cromwell succeeded in completing the English conquest of Ireland. Cromwell first set a course to Drogheda. 3,500 men, women and children were killed over the two day battle, with the city suffering heavy attack. Less than a month later, Cromwell arrived at Wexford town. Here, over 1500 people were killed in the battle that followed. By May 1650, Ireland had been placed under British rule and Cromwell returned home. Sieges on both Limerick and Galway, the last cities under Irish control to fall, ended in October and November 1650. English rule in Ireland was complete.

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell

Cromwell only spent 9 months in Ireland from August 1649 to May 1650, but his impact was to be everlasting on the island. With fierce brutality, Cromwell succeeded in completing the English conquest of Ireland. Cromwell first set a course to Drogheda. 3,500 men, women and children were killed over the two day battle, with the city suffering heavy attack. Less than a month later, Cromwell arrived at Wexford town. Here, over 1500 people were killed in the battle that followed. By May 1650, Ireland had been placed under British rule and Cromwell returned home. Sieges on both Limerick and Galway, the last cities under Irish control to fall, ended in October and November 1650. English rule in Ireland was complete.

Enlarge image

In 1642, a civil war started in England. People who supported the king were called the Royalists. Those who supported the Parliament were called and the Parliamentarians. The Parliamentarians were lead by a man called Oliver Cromwell. People in Ireland began to take sides too. Many people in Ireland were in favour of the king and many battles were fought against the Parliament forces.

End of the Civil War

In 1649, the English Civil War ended. The king was executed in 1649 and Cromwell took over as the Lord Protector. He decided to punish all those who had supported the King. He came to Ireland in 1649 with a large army and laid siege to Drogheda. The town fell and the people were put to death. Cromwell also attacked Wexford. The cruel treatment which Cromwell gave to those who surrendered meant that people in Ireland lived in fear of him and his army. Gradually all Irish towns submitted to Cromwell.

Galway was the last town to surrender to the forces of Cromwell in 1652. A lot of land was burned and food supplies were destroyed in order to prevent the Parliamentarians from being attacked. This caused famine in Ireland . Large numbers of civilians and armies on both sides also died of plague.

Cromwellian Settlement

After Cromwell’s victory, huge areas of land were confiscated and the Irish were banished to the lands of Connaught. Most of the lands of Clare, Galway and Mayo were taken over by Irish people whose land in other parts of the country had been taken from them. This movement of large numbers of people out of their lands and the transfer of these lands to English people was known as the Cromwellian Settlement.

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland in 1649 to re-conquer the country on behalf of the English Parliament. He left in 1650, having taken eastern and southern Ireland. The land that was confiscated by his forces after his victory was used for settlement of English and Scottish people in Ireland.
University of Texas Libraries

Oliver Cromwell
University of Texas Libraries

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland in 1649 to re-conquer the country on behalf of the English Parliament. He left in 1650, having taken eastern and southern Ireland. The land that was confiscated by his forces after his victory was used for settlement of English and Scottish people in Ireland.
University of Texas Libraries

Enlarge image

Many other Irish people were transported to work on plantations in the West Indies. Irish soldiers were given the opportunity to exile. Large numbers of Irish men left to become soldiers in other armies in Europe and never returned. Good lands were given to Cromwell’s soldiers and to the supporters of the Parliamentarians. Other lands were bought by English merchants and some of these new owners took on Catholic tenants.